AGING

IN A METAL OR ALLOY, A CHANGE IN PROPERTIES THAT GENERALLY OCCURS SLOWLY AT ROOM TEMPERATURES.

ALCLAD

COMPOSITE SHEET PRODUCED BY BONDING EITHER CORROSION- RESISTANT ALUMINUM ALLOY OR ALUMINUM OF A HIGHER PURITY TO BASE METAL OF STRUCTURALLY STRONGER ALUMINUM ALLOY.

ALLOY STEEL

STEEL CONTAINING SIGNIFICANT QUANTITIES OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS (OTHER THAN CARBON AND THE COMMONLY ACCEPTED AMOUNTS OF MANGANESE, SULFUR AND PHOSPHORUS) ADDED TO EFFECT PHYSICAL OR MECHANICAL CHANGES IN THE STEEL.

ANNEALNG

THE SOFTENING OF A STEEL BY HEATING AND HOLDING AT A SUITABLE TEMPERATURE AND COOLING AT A SUITABLE RATE (DEPENDING ON ALLOY).

ANODIZING

THE PROCESS OF MAKING A PROTECTIVE COATING TO ALUMINUM BY ANODIC OXIDATION.

ARTIFICIAL AGING

AN AGING TREATMENT ABOVE ROOM TEMP.

AUSTENITIC STAINLESS

NORMALLY REFERS TO THE NICKEL BEARING NON- MAGNETIC , NON-HEAT TREATABLE GRADES. THE 300 SERIES.

BEADING

RAISING A RIDGE ON SHEET METAL.

BELLY

A FULLNESS IN CROSS SECTION OF FOIL, EITHER CENTER OR EDGES.

BEND TEST

VARIOUS TESTS USED TO DETERMINE THE TOUGHNESS AND DUCTILITY OF FLAT ROLLED METAL, IN WHICH THE MATERIAL IS BENT AROUND ITS AXIS OR AROUND AN OUTSIDE RADIUS.

BESSEMER PROCESS

A PROCESS FOR MAKING STEEL IN WHICH AIR IS BLOWN THROUGH THE MOLTEN IRON SO THAT THE IMPURITIES ARE REMOVED BY OXIDATION.

BILLET (BLOOM)

A SOLID SEMI-FINISHED ROUND OR SQUARE PRODUCT THAT HAS BEEN HOT WORKED BY FORGING, ROLLING OR EXTRUSION. THIS PRODUCT IS THEN PROCESSED FURTHER.

BOX ANNEALING

ANNEALING A METAL OR ALLOY IN A SEALED CONTAINER UNDER CONDITIONS THAT MINIMIZE OXIDATION.

BLAST FURNACE

A VERTICAL SHAFT TYPE OF SMELTING FURNACE IN WHICH AN AIR BLAST IS IS USED. IT PRODUCES PIG IRON ( APPROXIMATELY 92% IRON ,3-1/2% CARBON ).

BLISTER

A DEFECT IN THE METAL PRODUCTION WHERE GAS BUBBLES ARE LEFT EITHER ON OR BELOW THE SURFACE OF THE METAL.

BOW

(CAMBER) AN EDGEWISE CURVATURE. MEASURED BY LAYING STRIP OR SHEET NEXT TO A STRAIGHT EDGE. THE DEVIATION IS CAMBER.

BRIGHT ANNEALING

ANNEALING IN A PROTECTIVE MEDIUM TO PREVENT DISCOLORATION OF THE BRIGHT SURFACE.

BRINELL HARDNESS TEST

A TYPE OF HARDNESS TESTING. THE HARDNESS IS DETERMINED BY FORCING A HARD STEEL OR CARBIDE BALL OF SPECIFIED SIZE UNDER SPECIFIC LOAD.

BRITTLE FRACTURE

A FRACTURE WITH LITTLE OR NO PLASTIC DEFORMATION.

BUCKLE

A DEFECT. ALTERNATING BULGES OR HOLLOWS ALONG THE LENGTH OF THE PRODUCT WITH THE EDGES REMAINING RELATIVELY FLAT

BURNING (BURN MARKS)

HEATING A MATERIAL BEYOND ALLOWABLE TEMPERATURE LIMITS. THIS CAUSES MELTING OR INTERGRANULAR OXIDATION. IT MAY APPEAR AS BROWN OR BLUE MARKS ON THE METAL.

BURNISHING

SMOOTHING SURFACES THROUGH FRICTION CONTACT BETWEEN THE WORK AND SOME HARD MATERIAL SUCH AS METAL BALLS.

BURR

A THIN EDGE OR ROUGHNESS LEFT BY A CUTTING OPERATION SUCH AS SHEARING, SHEARING, BLANKING ETC.

BUTT WELDING

JOINING TWO EDGES OR ENDS BY PLACING ONE AGAINST THE OTHER AND WELDING THEM.

CAMBER

SEE "BOW"

CANNING

SEE "OIL CANNING"

CARBIDE PRECIPITATION

THE FORMATION OF METAL CARBIDES WHEN FERROUS METALS ARE RAISED TO HIGH TEMPERATURES (AS IN WELDING). RESULTS IN INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CORROSION.

CARBON STEEL

COMMERCIAL OR ORDINARY STEEL AS OPPOSED TO ALLOYED STEEL. CONTAINS CARBON UP TO 2% .

CARBURIZING

ADDING CARBON TO THE SURFACE OF IRON BASED ALLOYS BY ABSORPTION. THE OLDEST FORM OF CASE HARDENING.

CASE HARDENING

HARDENING A FERROUS STEEL SO THAT THE OUTER PORTION, OR CASE, IS HARDER THAN ITS CORE.

CAST STEEL

OBJECT MADE BY POURING MOLTEN STEEL INTO MOLD.

CHAMFER

BEVELING AN EDGE.

CHARPY TEST

AN IMPACT TEST. THE METAL IS USUALLY NOTCHED, SUPPORTED AT BOTH ENDS, AND BROKEN BY A FALLING PENDULUM.

CHATTER MARKS

A DEFECT. PARALLEL INDENTATIONS OR MARKS APPEARING AT RIGHT ANGLES TO THE EDGE AT CLOSE OR REGULAR INTERVALS. CAUSED BY VIBRATIONS WHEN MATERIAL IS BEING ROLLED.

CHEMICAL MILLING

REMOVAL OF STOCK BY CONTROLLED CHEMICAL ETCH

CHROMIUM-NICKEL STEEL

NORMALLY REFERS TO THE 18% CHROME 8% NICKEL (18-8) STAINLESS STEEL GRADES. -- THE 300 SERIES.

CLADDING

THE PROCESS OF COVERING ONE METAL WITH ANOTHER. DONE BY WELDING, FUSING, ELECTROPLATING ETC.

COIL

FLAT SHEET OR STRIP IN A LONG LENGTH WHICH IS ROLLED INTO COILS.

COIL SET

THE STEEL HOLDS THE CURVATURE OF THE COIL AFTER UNWINDING. REMOVED BY ROLLER OR STRETCHER LEVELING.

COINING

 IMPRESSING IMAGES OR CHARACTERS OF THE DIE AND PUNCH ONTO A PLAIN METAL SURFACE.

COIL BREAK

A DEFECT. CREASES OR RIDGES APPEARING ON SHEETS OR COILS AS PARALLEL LINES CROSS THE WIDTH OF SHEET.

COLD FINISH

A SMOOTH FINISH PRODUCED BY COLD WORKING.

COLD ROLLING

SIMILAR TO COLD REDUCTION. ROLLING MATERIAL AT A TEMPERATURE BELOW THE SOFTENING POINT OF THE METAL. THIS REDUCES THICKNESS AND INCREASES HARDNESS (COLD WORK)

COLD WORK

PLASTIC DEFORMATION BY EXTERNAL FORCE SUCH AS HAMMERING, DRAWING, BENDING WHICH PRODUCES HARDENING OF THE MATERIAL. COMMERCIAL QUALITY STEEL SHEET - STANDARD QUALITY STEEL. WITH A LADLE ANALYSIS OF 0.15 MAX CARBON.

CONCENTRICITY

CONFORMANCE TO A COMMON CENTER. ROUNDNESS.

CORROSION

THE GRADUAL CHEMICAL OR ELECTRO- MECHANICAL ATTACK ON METAL BY ATMOSPHERE, MOISTURE OR OTHER AGENTS.

CORROSION EMBRITTLEMENT

THE SEVERE LOSS OF DUCTILITY OF A METAL RESULTING FROM CORROSIVE ATTACK.

COUPON

A PIECE OF METAL FROM WHICH A TEST SPECIMEN MAY BE PREPARED. USUALLY TAKEN FROM AN INTEGRAL PART OF PRODUCT.

CROP

CUTTING OFF OF THE DEFECTIVE ENDS OF COIL OR FORGING.

CROSS BREAK

DEFECT. TRANSVERSE RIPPLES OR RIBS.

CROWN

THE HEAVY OR RAISED CENTER IN A STRIP OR SHEET.

DECARBURIZATION

LOSS OF CARBON FROM THE SURFACE OF A FERROUS ALLOY BY HEATING IN OXIDIZING /REDUCING ATMOSPHERE.

DEBURRING

BURR REMOVAL BY FILING, ROLLING OR GRINDING.

DISH

A CONCAVE SURFACE.

DRAWING

1. FORMING RECESSED PARTS BY FORCING THE PLASTIC FLOW OF METALS IN A DIE. 2. REDUCING THE SIZE OR SHAPE OF A WIRE BY PULLING IT THROUGH A SERIES OF SMALLER DIES.

DRAWN PRODUCT

A PRODUCT FORMED BY DRAWING.

DRILL ROD

ANNEALED & POLISHED HI-CARBON TOOL STEEL ROD.

DROPPED EDGE

A CONTINUOUS DOWNWARD EDGE DEFLECTION.

DUCTILITY

THE ABILITY OF A METAL TO BE DEFORMED WITHOUT FRACTURING. MEASURED BY ELONGATION & REDUCTION OF AREA.

ELONGATION

IN TENSILE TESTING, THE INCREASE IN GAGE LENGTH, MEASURED BEFORE FRACTURE OF THE SPECIMEN. GIVEN IN %.

EXFOLIATION

A TYPE OF CORROSION THAT PROGRESSES APPROX. - IMATELY PARALLEL TO THE OUTER SURFACE OF THE METAL, CAUSING LAYERS OF THE METAL TO BE ELEVATED BY THE CORROSION .

EMBOSSING

RAISING OR INDENTING A DESIGN IN METAL BY PASSING THE METAL THROUGH ROLLERS WITH A PATTERN.

EXTRUSION

SHAPING METAL BY PASSING THROUGH SERIES OF DIES.

FATIGUE

THE PHENOMENON LEADING TO THE FRACTURE UNDER REPEATED OR FLUCTUATING STRESS. FATIGUE FRACTURES ARE PROGRESSIVE AND MINUTE. CRACKS GROW UNDER STRESS.

FATIGUE STRENGTH

THE MAXIMUM STRESS THAT CAN BE SUSTAINED FOR A SPECIFIC NUMBER OF CYCLES WITHOUT FAILURE.

FIBER STRESS

LOCAL STRESS THROUGH A SMALL AREA ON A SECTION WHERE THE STRESS IS NOT UNIFORM, ... AS A BEAM UNDER LOAD.

FIN STOCK

COILED SHEET OR FOIL IN SPECIFIC ALLOYS, AND TEMPERS AND THICKNESS SUITABLE TO MAKE FINS FOR HEAT EXCHANGERS.

FERRALLOY

AN ALLOY OF IRON WITH A SUFFICIENT AMOUNT OF SOME ELEMENT OR ELEMENTS SUCH AS MANGANESE, CHROME OR VANADIUM FOR USE AS A MEANS OF ADDING THESE ELEMENTS TO MOLTEN STEEL.

FERROUS

IRON BASED ALLOYS.

FLAKES

"SHATTER CRACKS" OR "SNOWFLAKES". SHORT DISCONTINUOUS INTERNAL FISSURES IN FERROUS METALS .

FLAME ANNEALING

SOFTENING THE MATERIAL BY THE APPLICATION OF HEAT FROM A HIGH TEMPERATURE FLAME.

FLUTING

KINKING OR BREAKAGE DUE TO CURVING OF A METAL STRIP CAUSED BY STRETCHING THE MATERIAL BEYOND ITS ELASTIC LIMIT.

FOIL

COIL OR SHEET BELOW THE THICKNESS OF .006

FORGING

PLASTICALLY DEFORMING METAL, USUALLY HOT, INTO DESIRED SHAPES WITH COMPRESSIVE FORCE, WITH OR WITHOUT DIES.

FRACTURE

SURFACE APPEARANCE WHEN SURFACE IS BROKEN.

FRACTURE TEST

 - BREAKING OF THE SURFACE FOR EXAMINATION OF COMPOSITION, GRAIN SIZE, CASE DEPTH AND THE PRESENCE OF DEFECTS

FRACTOGRAPHY

DESCRIPTIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURE WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE FRACTURED SURFACE

FREE MACHINING

THE MACHINING CHARACTERISTICS OF A METAL TO TO WHICH AN ALLOY HAS BEEN ADDED, TO FACILITATE MACHINING.

FRETTING

ACTION THAT RESULTS IN SURFACE DAMAGE, ESPECIALLY IN A CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENT, WHERE THERE IS RELATIVE MOTION BETWEEN SOLID SURFACES IN CONTACT UNDER PRESSURE.

GAGES

STANDARD NUMBERING SYSTEM FOR DECIMALS OR DIAMETERS.

GALLING

DAMAGE TO ONE OR BOTH METALLIC SURFACES BY REMOVAL OF PARTICLES DUE TO SEIZURE DURING SLIDING MOTION.

GALVANIC CORROSION

CORROSION ASSOCIATED WITH THE CURRENT OF A GALVANIC CELL CONSISTING OF TWO DISSIMILAR CONDUCTORS IN A ELECTROLYTE OR TWO SIMILAR CONDUCTORS IN DISSIMILAR ELECTRO-LYTES.

GRAIN

A MANY SIDED CRYSTAL CONSISTING OF GROUPS OF ATOMS, BOUND TOGETHER IN A REGULAR GEOMETRIC PATTERN. USUALLY THE GRAIN IS REPORTED ONLY ON ONE PLANE. THE GRAIN SIZE IS AN INDICATION OF THE DUCTILITY OF THE METAL.

GRAIN GROWTH

AN INCREASE IN CRYSTAL SIZE AS ANNEALING TEMPERATURE IS INCREASED.

GRANULAR FRACTURE

A TYPE OF IRREGULAR SURFACE PRODUCED WHEN METAL IS BROKEN. IT IS ROUGH AND GRAINY.

GRAPHITIZING

ANNEALING A FERROUS METAL IN A WAY THAT SOME OR ALL OF THE CARBON IS PRECIPITATED AS GRAPHITE.

GRINDING CRACKS

SHALLOW CRACKS CAUSED BY EXCESSIVE HEAT CAUSED IN GRINDING OR THE SENSITIVITY OF THE MATERIAL.

GUN DRILL

A DRILL, USUALLY WITH ONE OR MORE FLUTES AND WITH A COOLANT PASSAGE IN THE DRILL BODY, USED FOR DEEP HOLE DRILLING.

HARD DRAWING

DRAWING METAL WIRE THROUGH A DIE TO REDUCE SIZE AND INCREASE TENSILE STRENGTH. SEE COLD WORK.

HARDNESS

THE DEGREE TO WHICH METAL WILL RESIST CUTTING, BEND- ING, ABRASION, STRETCHING AND PENETRATION. THERE ARE MANY WAYS OF MEASURING .. I.E. ROCKWELL, VICKERS, BRINELL. TENSILE STRENGTH IS ALSO A WAY OF MEASURING HARDNESS.

HARDENABILITY

THE PROPERTY THAT DETERMINES THE DEPTH AND DISTRIBUTION OF HARDNESS INDUCED BY QUENCHING (FERROUS ONLY) HARDENING - INCREASING THE HARDNESS USUALLY BY HEATING AND COOLING IN A PRESCRIBED MANNER FOR THE PARTICULAR ALLOY.

HEAT OF STEEL

THE PRODUCT OF A SINGLE MELTING OPERATION AT THE PRODUCING MILL. THE HEAT NUMBER IDENTIFIES THE MELT.

HEAT AFFECTED ZONE

THE PORTION OF THE BASE METAL WHICH WAS NOT MELTED IN BRAZING, WELDING OR CUTTING, BUT WHOSE MICRO- STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES WAS AFFECTED BY HEAT.

HEAT TREATMENT

CHANGING THE PROPERTIES OF A METAL BY SUBSEQUENT HEATING AND COOLING.

HERRINGBONE STREAKS

ELONGATED ALTERNATE BRIGHT AND DULL MARKINGS AT AN ANGLE TO THE ROLLING DIRECTION AND HAVING THE APPEARANCE OF A HERRINGBONE PATTERN.

HONING

REMOVING STOCK GENERALLY ON THE INTERNAL CYLINDRICAL WORKPIECE WITH AN ABRASIVE STICK MOUNTED IN A HOLDER.

IMPACT

A PART FORMED IN A PRESS FROM A METAL SLUG IN A DIE, USUALLY COLD AND BY RAPID APPLICATION OF FORCE CAUSING THE METAL TO FLOW AROUND THE PUNCH AND/OR THROUGH AN OPENING IN THE DIE.

IMPACT TEST

TEST TO DETERMINE THE RESISTANCE OF METAL TO BREAKAGE BY IMPACT. SEE CHARPY TEST.

INCLUSIONS

A DEFECT. PARTICLES OF IMPURITIES IMBEDDED IN STEEL.

INDUCTION HARDENING

QUENCH HARDENING BY ELECTRICAL INDUCTION.

INDENTATION HARDNESS

A TEST OF HARDNESS BY MEASURING THE PENETRATION OF A POINTED OR ROUNDED INDENTER INTO THE METAL.

INTERLEAVING

PLACEMENT OF PAPER BETWEEN LAYERS OF STEEL.

INTERMEDIATE ANNEALING

SOFTENING MATERIAL BETWEEN PERIODS WORK HARDENING. EXAMPLE, BETWEEN VERY DEEP DRAWS.

IRON (FE)

THE BASIC ELEMENT IN FERROUS STEELS.

ISOTHERMAL ANNEALING

PROCESS WHEREBY A FERROUS ALLOY IS HEATED TO PRODUCE A STRUCTURE WHOLLY OR PARTIALLY AUSTENITIC, AND THEN COOLED TO AND HELD AT A TEMPERATURE THAT CAUSES TRANSFORMATION OF THE AUSTENITE TO A RELATIVELY SOFT FERRITE-CARBIDE AGGREGATE.

IZOD TEST

AN IMPACT TEST SIMILAR TO THE CHARPY TEST.

LADLE ANALYSIS

THE ANALYSIS OF A TEST INGOT SAMPLE OBTAINED DURING THE POURING OF THE STEEL FROM A LADLE.

LAMINATIONS

A DEFECT WHICH APPEARS IN SHEETS OR STRIPS AS LAYERS INSTEAD OF A SOLID. CAUSED BY GAS POCKETS IN THE ORIGINAL INGOT. THE LAYERING RUNS THE DIRECTION OF THE ROLLING.

LAP

SURFACE DEFECT, APPEARING AS A SEAM, CAUSED BY FOLDING OVER HOT METAL, FINS OR SHARP CORNERS AND THEN ROLLING OR FORGING THEM INTO THE SURFACE.

LAP WELD

TWO PIECES OF METAL LAPPED, THEN WELDED. NORMALLY THE EDGES ARE BEVELED OR SCARFED FOR BETTER WELDING.

LEVELING

FLATTENING ROLLED METAL BY PASSING IT THROUGH ROLLERS OR BY STRETCHING THE SHEET. (STRETCHER LEVELING)

LIGHT METALS

LOW-DENSITY METALS SUCH AS ALUMINUM, MAGNESIUM, TITANIUM, BERYLLIUM OR OTHER ALLOYS.

LOW CARBON STEELS

STEEL WHICH CONTAINS 0.10 - 0.30 % CARBON, AND LESS THAN 0.60% MANGANESE.

M B GRADE

A STEEL WIRE (.45/.75 C) WIDELY USED FOR SPRINGS.

MACHINABILITY

THE RELATIVE EASE OF MACHINING A METAL.

MACHINABILITY INDEX

STANDARDIZED TEST OF RELATIVE MACHINABILITY.

MACRO-ETCH TEST

EVALUATES THE SOUNDNESS AND HOMOGENEITY OF MATERIAL BY IMMERSING A SAMPLE OF THE STEEL IN HOT ACID AND EXAMINING THE ETCHING.

MACROSCOPIC

VISUAL INSPECTION WITH EITHER THE NAKED EYE OR UNDER LOW MAGNIFICATION.

MAGNETIC-PARTICLE INSPECTION

A NONDESTRUCTIVE METHOD OF INSPECTION TO DETERMINE THE EXISTENCE AND EXTENT OF POSSIBLE DEFECTS IN FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS.

MALLEABILITY

THE PROPERTY THAT DETERMINES THE EASE OF DE- FORMING A METAL WHEN THE METAL IS SUBJECTED TO ROLLING OR HAMMERING. THE MORE MALLEABLE, THE EASIER TO WORK.

MARTENSITE

A DISTINCTIVE NEEDLE-LIKE STRUCTURE EXISTING IN STEEL AS A TRANSITION STAGE IN THE TRANSFORMATION OF AUSTENITE. IT IS THE HARDEST CONSTITUENT OF STEEL OF EUTECTOID COMPOSITE- ITION. IT IS THE CHIEF COMPOSITION OF HARDENED TOOL STEEL.

MATTE OR MATTE FINISH

NOT AS SMOOTH AS NORMAL MILL FINISH. PRODUCED BY ETCHING OR BY ROLLING WITH ROUGHENED ROLLS.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

THE PROPERTIES OF A MATERIAL THAT REVEAL ITS ELASTIC AND INELASTIC BEHAVIOR WHEN FORCE IS APPLIED, THEREBY INDICATING ITS SUITABILITY FOR MECHANICAL APPLICATIONS: FOR EXAMPLE , MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, TENSILE STRENGTH, ELONGATION, HARDNESS AND FATIGUE LIMIT.

MICROSTRUCTURE

THE STRUCTURE OF POLISHED AND ETCHED METALS AS REVEALED BY A MICROSCOPIC MAGNIFICATION OF 10 DIAMETERS OR MORE.

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

A MEASURE OF THE RIGIDITY OF METAL. ALSO CALLED THE "COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY".

METALLOID

IN STEEL IT COVERS ELEMENTS COMMONLY PRESENT IN SIMPLE STEEL.. CARBON, MANGANESE, PHOSPHORUS, SILICON AND SULFUR.

MILL EDGE

EDGE OF SHEET, PLATE OR STRIP WHICH IS UNTRIMMED

MILL FINISH

AS PRODUCED BY MILL. NORMALLY DULL.

MUNTZ METAL

A REFRACTORY METAL. 60 % COPPER AND 40% ZINC. USED FOR CASTINGS AND HOT-WORKED PRODUCTS. HIGH STRENGTH BRASSES ARE DEVELOPED FROM THIS BY ADDING OTHER ELEMENTS.

MUSIC WIRE

THIS IS THE HIGHEST TENSILE (POLISHED) WIRE MADE.

NICKEL SILVER

COPPER BASED ALLOY WITH 20-45% ZINC AND 5-30% NICKEL.

NIOBIUM (Nb)

SEE COLUMBIUM NITRIDING - INTRODUCING NITROGEN TO HARDEN FERROUS STEEL.

NITRIDING STEEL

STEEL WHICH IS PARTICULARLY SUITED FOR THE NIT- RIDING PROCESS. IT FORMS A VERY HARD AND ADHERENT SURFACE UPON PROPER NITRIDING. (.20-.40 C, .90-1.50 Ch, .15-1.0 Mo, .85-1.20 AL)

NON-FERROUS METALS

METALS WITH NO OR LITTLE IRON.

NORMALIZING

HEATING A FERROUS ALLOY TO A SUITABLE TEMP- ATURE ABOVE THE TRANSFORMATION RANGE AND THEN COOLING IN AIR TO A TEMPERATURE SUBSTANTIALLY BELOW TRANSFORMATION RANGE. IT REFINES THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND RELIEVES STRESS

OIL HARDENING STEEL

 STEEL WHICH IS HARDENED BY HEAT TREATMENT AND QUENCHED IN OIL.

OLSON TEST

A METHOD OF MEASURING THE DUCTILITY AND DRAWING PROPERTIES OF STRIP OR SHEET METAL. THE METAL IS DRAWN OVER A BALL UNTIL THERE IS A FRACTURE.

OPEN HEARTH FURNACE

A TYPE FURNACE WHERE THE FLAME PASSES OVER THE CHARGE IN THE HEARTH, CAUSING THE CHARGE TO BE HEATED BOTH BY DIRECT FLAME AND RADIATION FROM THE LOW ROOF AND SIDEWALLS OF THE FURNACE.

ORANGE PEEL

THE PEBBLE-GRAINED SURFACE WHICH DEVELOPS IN FORMING OF METALS WITH COURSE GRAINS.

OSCILLATED WOUND

COIL WOUND ON A REEL LIKE THREAD, AS OPPOSED TO RIBBON OR PANCAKE WOUND WHICH IS WOUND SIMILAR TO A ROLL OF TAPE.

ORIENTATION

HAS TO DO WITH THE ARRANGEMENT OF CRYSTAL DIRECTION IN A PLANE. EITHER "PREFERRED " OR "RANDOM".

OXIDATION

THE ADDING OF OXYGEN TO A COMPOUND. EXPOSURE TO ATMOSPHERE SOMETIMES RESULTS IN OXIDATION OF THE EXPOSED SURFACE RESULTING IN A STAINING OR DISCOLORATION. INCREASED TEMPERATURE INCREASES THE OXIDATION.

OXIDE

A COMPOUND OF OXYGEN WITH ANOTHER ELEMENT.

PACK ROLLING

ROLLING TWO OR MORE PIECES OF STEEL TOGETHER. PACK ROLLING IS OFTEN USED FOR ROLLING SHEET INTO THIN FOIL.

PASSIVATING

THE CLEANING OF METAL OR PART BY IMMERSION IN A ACID BATH. USUALLY DONE AFTER FABRICATION.

PENETRANT INSPECTION

NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST TO CHECK FOR THE EXISTENCE OR EXTENT OF DISCONTINUITIES THAT ARE OPEN TO THE SURFACE. A PENETRATING DYE IS USED FOR THIS TEST.

PERMALLOY

NICKEL ALLOYS CONTAINING ABOUT 20 -60% FE, USED FOR THEIR HIGH MAGNETIC PERMEABILITY AND ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY.

PERMANENT SET

THE DEFORMATION OF METAL UNDER STRESS, THAT OCCURS AFTER PASSING ITS ELASTIC LIMIT.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

THE PROPERTIES, OTHER THAN MECHANICAL, THAT PERTAIN TO THE PHYSICS OF A MATERIAL. I.E. DENSITY, HEAT AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, THERMAL EXPANSION ETC.

PICKLING

REMOVING SURFACE OXIDES FROM METALS BY CHEMICAL OR ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTION. IN STAINLESS IT TURNS MATERIAL GRAY.

PIN EXPANSION TEST

A TEST FOR DETERMINING THE ABILITY OF TUBES TO BE EXPANDED OR FOR REVEALING THE PRESENCE OF CRACKS OR LONGITUDINAL WEAKNESS.

PIN HOLES

MICROSCOPIC IMPERFECTIONS IN THE SURFACE OR THROUGH A LAYER OR THICKNESS OF METAL.

PIPE

1) A TUBULAR METAL PRODUCT. 2) DEFECT. A CAVITY IN A CASTING BILLET OR INGOT CAUSED BY CONTRACTION OR SHRINKAGE.

PITTING

SMALL SHARP CAVITIES IN A METAL SURFACE.

PLANIMETRIC METHOD

A METHOD OF MEASURING GRAIN SIZE. THE GRAINS WITHIN A SPECIFIC AREA ARE COUNTED.

PLASTIC DEFORMATION

SEE PERMANENT SET

PLASTICITY

THE ABILITY OF A METAL TO BE DEFORMED EXTENSIVELY WITHOUT RUPTURE.

PLATING

A THIN COAT OF METAL LAID ON ANOTHER METAL BY ELECTRO- PLATING, GALVANIZING, TINNING, ETC.

POT ANNEALING

SEE BOX ANNEALING

POWDER METALLURGY

THE ART OF PRODUCING POWDERED METALS AN UTILIZING METAL POWDERS FOR PRODUCTION OF PARTS.

PRECIPITATION HARDENING

HARDENING CAUSED BY THE PRECIPITATION OF A CONSTITUENT FROM A SUPERSATURATED SOLID SOLUTION.

PRECIPITATION HEAT TREATMENT

RELATES TO NON-FERROUS METAL ANY OF THE VARIOUS AGING TREATMENTS, DONE AT ELEVATED TEMP- ERATURES TO IMPROVE CERTAIN MECHANICAL PROPERTIES.

PRIME

MATERIAL FREE FROM VISIBLE SURFACE DEFECTS.

PROCESS ANNEALING

THE FERROUS ALLOY IS HEATED TO A TEMPER- ATURE JUST BELOW THE LOWER LIMIT OF THE TRANSFORMATION TEMPERATURE AND THEN COOLED. THIS SOFTENS THE MATERIAL.

PROOF STRESS

1) THE STRESS THAT WILL CAUSE A SPECIFIED SMALL PERMANENT SET IN A MATERIAL. 2) A SPECIFIED STRESS TO BE APPLIED TO A MEMBER OR STRUCTURE TO INDICATE ITS ABILITY TO WITHSTAND SERVICE LOADS.

PULSE-ECHO METHOD

A NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST IN WHICH PULSES OF ENERGY ARE DIRECTED INTO A PART AND THE TIME FOR THE ECHO TO TO RETURN FROM ONE OR MORE REFLECTING SURFACE IS MEASURED.

PUNCH

MOVABLE PART THAT FORCES METAL INTO A DIE. USED FOR BLANKING, COINING, EMBOSSING, DRAWING, STAMPING, ETC.

QUENCHING

THE STEP OF COOLING METALS QUICKLY. THE QUENCHING CAN BE DONE IN WATER OR OIL.

RADIOGRAPHY

A NON-DESTRUCTIVE METHOD IN INTERNAL EXAMINATION. METAL OBJECTS ARE EXPOSED TO X-RAYS OR GAMMA RADIATION.

RECRYSTALLIZATION

A PROCESS WHERE DISTORTED GRAIN STRUCTURES IN COLD WORKED METAL IS REPLACED BY NEW, STRESS FREE GRAIN STRUCTURES BY CERTAIN ANNEALING PROCESSES.

REFINING TEMPERATURE

A TEMPERATURE USED IN HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL TO REFINE THE STRUCTURE AND GRAIN SIZE.

REFRACTORY

A HEAT RESISTANT MATERIAL, USUALLY NONMETALLIC, WHICH IS USED FOR FURNACE LINING.

REFRACTORY ALLOY

METAL WITH EXTREMELY HIGH MELTING POINT.

RESIDUAL STRESS

MACROSCOPIC STRESSES THAT ARE SET UP WITHIN A METAL AS A RESULT OF NON-UNIFORM PLASTIC DEFORMATION.

RESIDUALS

THE "TRACE" ELEMENTS NOT NAMED IN SPECIFICATIONS. THEY ARE THE RESULT OF CONTAMINATED SCRAP.

RIBBON WOUND

STRIP WOUND LAYER ON TOP OF LAYER...AS A ROLL OF TAPE. THIS TYPE OF ROLLING IS DONE AROUND A CORE.

RIPPLE

DEFECT. SLIGHT TRAVERSE WAVE OR SHADOW APPEARING AT INTERVALS ALONG THE STRIP OR SHEET.

ROCKWELL HARDNESS

A STANDARD METHOD OF MEASURING HARD- NESS. IT IS A MEASUREMENT OF PENETRATION UNDER SPECIFIC LOAD.

ROLLED EDGE

THE DEBURRING OF AN EDGE BY A SYSTEM OF ROLLERS WHICH SHAPE THE EDGE OF THE MATERIAL.

ROTARY SHEAR

A CUTTING MACHINE WITH SHARPENED CIRCULAR BLADES. A SLITTER.

SALT FOG (SPRAY) TEST

A CORROSION TEST IN WHICH THE METAL IS SUBJECTED TO A FINE MIST OF SALT WATER.

SCAB

A BLEMISH ON A CASTING.

SCALING

 1) LAYERS OF OXIDATION 2) THE REMOVAL OF SCALE FROM METAL

SCALPING

THE SURFACE MATCHING OF SURFACE LAYERS OF INGOTS, BILLETS AND SLABS BEFORE MACHINING.

SCARFING

CUTTING OR GRINDING OUT DEFECTS FROM INGOTS, BILLETS, OR THE EDGES OF PLATES THAT ARE TO BE BEVELED FOR BUTT WELDING.

SCLEROSCOPE HARDNESS TEST

A HARDNESS TEST IN WHICH A DIAMOND POINTED HAMMER IS DROPPED ONTO METAL AND THE HEIGHT OF THE BOUNCE IS MEASURED.

SCREW STOCK

FREE MACHINING BAR, ROD OR WIRE.

SKELP

A PIECE OR STRIP OF METAL PRODUCED TO A SUITABLE THICKNESS, WIDTH AND EDGE FROM WHICH PIPE OR TUBING IS MADE.

SEAM - DEFECT

A CRACK ON THE SURFACE OF METAL THAT HAS BEEN CLOSED, BUT NOT WELDED. IT IS CAUSED IN CASTING OR WORKING.

SECONDS

A DESIGNATION GIVEN TO MATERIAL THAT HAS SURFACE DEFECTS. MATERIAL OF LESS THAN PRIME QUALITY.

SECONDARY HARDENING

TEMPERING CERTAIN ALLOY STEELS AT CERTAIN TEMPERATURES SO THAT THE RESULTING HARDNESS IS GREATER THAT THAT OBTAINED BY TEMPERING THE SAME STEEL AT SOME LOWER TEMPERATURE FOR THE SAME TIME.

SEGREGATION

NON-UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS, IMPURITIES OR MICROPHASES.

SHEAR

A MACHINE FOR CUTTING STEEL.

SHEAR STRENGTH

THE STRESS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE FRACTURE IN THE PLANE OF A PIECE OF METAL.

SHEAR CRACK

A CRACK OR FRACTURE CAUSED BY SHEAR STRESS.

SHIM

A THIN (HARD) FLAT METAL USED FOR TOOL, DIE AND MACHINE ALIGNMENT PURPOSES.

SHORE HARDNESS TEST

SEE SCLEROSCOPE HARDNESS TEST

SHORT

BRITTLE

SHORTNESS

A FORM OF BRITTLENESS IN METAL. IT IS DESIGNATED AS AS "COLD," "HOT," "AND "RED" TO INDICATED THE TEMPERATURE RANGE IN WHICH THE BRITTLENESS OCCURS.

SILKY FRACTURE

A VERY SMOOTH FINE GRAIN SILKY APPEARING FRACTURE.

SILVER SOLDERS

ALLOYS OF SILVER, COPPER, ZINC AND OTHER METALS USED FOR MAKING STRONG YET MODERATELY DUCTILE JOINTS THAT RESIST CORROSION.

SINTERING

CONVERTING METAL POWDER INTO A MASS BY HEATING AFTER COMPRESSING.

SKIN

A THIN SURFACE LAYER THAT IS DIFFERENT FROM THE MAIN MASS OF METAL IN COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE OR OTHER CHARACTERISTICS .

SLAB

SEE BLOOM

SLIT EDGE

THE EDGE RESULTING FROM A SLITTING OPERATION.

SLIVER- DEFECT

LOOSE METAL PIECE ROLLED INTO THE SURFACE OF THE METAL DURING THE ROLLING OPERATION.

SLUG

A METAL BLANK FOR FORGING OR IMPACTING.

SOAKING

PROLONGED HEATING OF METAL AT SELECTED TEMPERATURE.

SOLID SOLUTION

A SINGLE SOLID HOMOGENEOUS CRYSTALINE PHASE CONTAINING TWO OR MORE CHEMICAL SPECIES.

SOLUTION HEAT TREATMENT

HEATING AN ALLOY TO A SUITABLE TEMPERATURE, HOLDING AT THAT TEMPERATURE LONG ENOUGH TO ALLOW ONE OR MORE CONSTITUENTS TO ENTER INTO SOLID HEATING SOLUTION.

SORBITE

STRUCTURE OF STEEL, RESULTING FROM THE TEMPERING OF MARTENSITE.

SPALLING

THE CRACKING AND FLAKING OF PARTICLES OF A SURFACE.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

A NUMERICAL VALUE REPRESENTING THE WEIGHT OF A GIVEN SUBSTANCE AS COMPARED WITH THE WEIGHT OF AN EQUAL VOLUME OF WATER.

SPHERODIZING

HEATING AND COOLING TO PRODUCE A SPHERICAL OR GLOBULAR FORM OF CARBON IN STEEL.

STABILIZING TREATMENT

A THERMAL PROCESS INTENDED TO STABILIZE THE STRUCTURE OF AN ALLOY OR DIMENSIONS OF A PART.

STAINLESS STEEL

CORROSION RESISTANT STEEL IN A WIDE VARIETY OF TYPES, BUT ALWAYS CONTAINING A LARGE AMOUNT OF CHROMIUM.

STAMPING

A TERM USED TO REFER TO VARIOUS PRESS FORMING OPERATIONS IN COINING, EMBOSSING, BLANKING AND PRESSING.

STICKER

THE ADHERING OF STEEL SHEET OR STRIP. USUALLY CAUSED BY OVERHEATING DURING BOX ANNEALING.

STRAIN

 DEFORMATION PRODUCED ON A BODY BY AN OUTSIDE FORCE.

STRAIN AGING

AGING INDUCED BY COLD WORKING. SEE AGING.

STRAIN HARDENING

AN INCREASE IN HARDNESS AND STRENGTH CAUSED BY PLASTIC DEFORMATION AT LOWER THAN THE RECRYSTALLIZATION RANGE.

STRESS RELIEVING

HEATING TO A SUITABLE TEMPERATURE, HOLDING LONG ENOUGH TO REDUCE RESIDUAL STRESSES AND THEN COOLING SLOWLY ENOUGH TO MINIMIZE DEVELOPING NEW RESIDUAL STRESSES.

STRETCH FORMING

FORMING PANELS AND COWLS OF LARGE CURVATURE BY STRETCHING SHEET OVER A FORM OF DESIRED SHAPE. THIS IS MORE RAPID THAN HAMMERING AND BEATING.

STRETCHER LEVELING

LEVELING SHEETS OF METAL BY GRIPPING AT BOTH ENDS AND STRETCHING THEM BEYOND THEIR YIELD STRENGTH

STRETCHER STRAINS

ELONGATED MARKINGS ON THE SURFACE THAT APPEAR WHEN DEFORMED JUST PAST THE YIELD POINT.

STRUCTURE

THE ARRANGEMENT OF PARTS: IN CRYSTALS, ESPECIALLY, THE SHAPE AND DIMENSION OF THE UNIT CELL, AND THE NUMBER, KINDS POSITIONS OF THE ATOMS WITHIN IT.

SUCK-IN

A DEFECT CAUSED WHEN ONE FACE OF A FORGING IS SUCKED IN TO FILL A PROJECTION ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE.

SUPERALLOY

AN ALLOY DEVELOPED FOR VERY HIGH TEMPERATURE SERVICE WHERE RELATIVELY HIGH STRESSES (TENSILE, THERMAL, VIBRATORY AND SHOCK) ARE ENCOUNTERED AND WHERE OXIDATION RESISTANCE IS FREQUENTLY REQUIRED.

TELESCOPING

TRANSVERSE SLIPPING OF SUCCESSIVE LAYERS OF A COIL SO THAT THE ENDS OF THE COIL OR CONICAL VS FLAT.

TEMPER

USED GENERALLY TO MEAN HARDNESS OR TOUGHNESS. TEMPER CAN BE INDUCED BY COLD WORKING (COLD ROLLING), HEAT TREATMENT OR OTHER MEANS OF AGING.

TENSILE STRENGTH

ALSO CALLED "ULTIMATE STRENGTH". THE BREAKING STRENGTH OF A MATERIAL WHEN SUBJECTED TO A TENSILE (STRETCHING) FORCE. EXPRESSED IN LBS OR TONS PER SQUARE INCH

TENSILE TEST

SEE TENSILE STRENGTH -

TERNARY ALLOY

AN ALLOY THAT CONTAINS 3 PRINCIPLE ELEMENTS.

TERNE PLATE

SHEET STEEL, COATED WITH LEAD-TIN ALLOY.

TOLERANCE

 PERMISSIBLE DEVIATION FROM A SPECIFIED DIMENSION.

TOOLING PLATE

 A CAST OR ROLLED PRODUCT OF RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION OF THICKNESS OF 1/4" OR GREATER, AND WITH EDGES EITHER AS CAST, SHEARED OR SAWED, WITH INTERNAL STRESS LEVELS CONTROLLED TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM STABILITY FOR MACHINING PURPOSES IN TOOL & JIG APPLICATIONS.

TORSION

A TWISTING ACTION RESULTING IN SHEAR STRESSES & STRAIN.

TOUGHNESS

 ABILITY TO RESIST FRACTURING OR DISTORTION.

TRACE

EXTREMELY SMALL QUANTITY OF AN ELEMENT, USUALLY TOO SMALL TO DETERMINE QUANTITATIVELY.

TRANSFORMATION RANGE

TEMPERATURE RANGE OVER WHICH A CHEMICAL OR METALLURGICAL CHANGE TAKES PLACE.

TRANSVERSE

LITERALLY "ACROSS," USUALLY MEANING A DIRECTION PERPENDICULAR TO THE DIRECTION OF WORKING OR ROLLING.

TUMBLING

CLEANING ARTICLES BY ROTATING THEM IN A CYLINDER WITH CLEANING MATERIALS.

ULTIMATE STRENGTH

SEE "TENSILE STRENGTH."

UPSETTING

1) A METAL WORKING OPERATION SIMILAR TO FORGING 2) THE PROCESS OF AXIAL FLOW UNDER AXIAL COMPRESSION OF METAL, AS IN FORMING HEADS ON RIVETS BY FLATTENING THE END OF WIRE.

VACUUM MELTING

MELTING IN A VACUUM TO PREVENT CONTAMINATION FROM AIR AS WELL AS TO REMOVE GASES ALREADY DISSOLVED IN THE METAL: THE SOLIDIFICATION MAY ALSO BE CARRIED OUT IN A VACUUM OR AT LOW PRESSURE.

VENT MARK

A SMALL PROTRUSION ON A FORGING OR CASTING RESULTING FROM THE ENTRANCE OF METAL INTO A DIE OR MOLD VENT HOLES.

VIBRATED WOUND

SEE "OSCILLATED WOUND COILS"

VICKERS HARDNESS (TEST)

A HARDNESS TEST FOR METALS, ESPECIALLY THOSE WITH EXTREMELY HARD SURFACES. IT USES A DIAMOND PENETRATOR.
 

WASTERS

CARBON STEELS. DEFECTIVE SHEETS.. MAYBE THE ENDS OF LARGE COILS.  

WATER HARDENING

HIGH CARBON STEELS THAT ARE WATER QUENCHED AFTER HEAT TREATING

WAVY

DEFECT. A SLIGHT OR SIGNIFICANT WAVE BEYOND STANDARDS SET FOR FLATNESS.

WEDGE SHAPED

A STRIP WHICH IS THINNER ON ONE SIDE THAN THE OTHER SIDE. ONE OF SEVERAL REASONS FOR CAMBER.

WELDING

A PROCESS OF JOINING TWO PIECES OF STEEL USING HEAT.
 

WORK HARDENING

SEE COLD WORKING.

WROUGHT IRON

IRON CONTAINING ONLY A SMALL AMOUNT OF OTHER ELEMENTS. IT IS MORE RUST RESISTANT FROM STEEL AND FORMS AND WELDS EASIER.
 

YIELD POINT

THE LOAD PER UNIT OF ORIGINAL CROSS SECTION AT WHICH, IN SOFT STEEL, A MARKED INCREASE IN DEFORMATION OCCURS WITHOUT AN INCREASE IN LOAD. ONLY CERTAIN METALS EXHIBIT A YIELD POINT. IF THERE IS A DECREASE IN STRESS AFTER YIELDING, A DISTINCTION MAY BE MADE BETWEEN UPPER AND LOWER YIELD POINTS.

YIELD STRENGTH

THE STRESS AT WHICH A MATERIAL EXHIBITS A SPECIFIED DEVIATION FROM PROPORTIONALITY OF STRESS AND STRAIN. AN OFFSET OF 2% IS USED FOR MANY METALS.

YOUNG'S MODULUS

THE COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY OF STRETCHING.